Methods
1D Resistivity
Method
Current is injected via AB electrodes and measured at fixed MN electrodes. As AB moves outward, progressively deeper current fields are generated. Subsurface conductivity contrasts cause deflections in current flow, which are detected in the MN data. These distortions allow calculation of a resistivity-based layer model reflecting underground conditions.
1D Resistivity is a fast and cost-effective method for identifying prominent sediment layers, bedrock depth, permafrost, and groundwater table. However, 1D measurements are susceptible to horizontal variations in the subsurface, which can lead to a loss of resolution in the results. In such cases, 2D measurements are more appropriate.
2D Resistivity
Method
In 2D Resistivity imaging, a series of 4-point measurements - essentially multiple
1D Resistivity soundings - are conducted along a predefined survey line using various electrode combinations. These measurements systematically populate a two-dimensional resistivity model with field data. To collect these data, different electrode arrays can be employed, each offering distinct advantages in terms of resolution and depth penetration.
Advanced inversion software is used to generate models that differentiate and interpret subsurface zones based on their electrical conductivity. These resistivity profiles provide valuable insights for locating mineral deposits, investigating permafrost conditions, and assessing groundwater systems.
Induced Polarization
Induced Polarization (IP) is an advanced geophysical technique widely employed in mineral exploration to identify subsurface ore bodies. By measuring the delayed voltage response—known as chargeability—following the injection of electrical current, IP reveals zones with elevated concentrations of chargeable materials such as sulfides. These materials are typically associated with mineralization. When integrated with resistivity data, IP offers a detailed and reliable characterization of the subsurface, significantly improving targeting accuracy in exploration campaigns.
Our Equipment
Our Lippmann Resistivity/IP measuring instruments operate with an AC transmission current (0.26–30 Hz) of up to 100 mA at 400 V peak-to-peak, and achieve a measurement speed of 1–2 four-point readings per second. Due to specialized electronics, the advanced system delivers reliable resistivity data down to 300 m depth, depending on site conditions. The maximum investigation depth for IP reaches up to 80 m—even with very low current levels. This performance is made possible by high-quality electrical ground contact, low-noise environments in remote natural areas, adaptive data stacking, and highly differential software processing during model iteration.
Lippmann 4-Point-Light ActEle-System, 16 Channels (Germany)
https://www.schwartech.de/#/geoelektrik_de
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Software: